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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-story-introblock {"id":"block_621cfa87b2eab","name":"acf/ihr-story-introblock","data":{"text":"Yves Moreau is a professor of engineering at the University of Leuven in Belgium doing research at the intersection between \u003ca href=\u0022https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zWftTEUAAAAJ\u0026amp;hl=en\u0022\u003eartificial intelligence and genetics\u003c/a\u003e. As a concerned scientist, he is \u003ca href=\u0022http://yvesmoreau.net/\u0022\u003epushing back\u003c/a\u003e against the development of mass surveillance technology and abusive deployment of forensic DNA databases.","_text":"field_621cfe1f2ceab","font_color":"black","_font_color":"field_62044418c7d75","background_color":"grey","_background_color":"field_620441bac7d74","dropshadow":"none","_dropshadow":"field_6267f7f921c52","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->

<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"\u003cem\u003eThis is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/the-tech-we-wont-build/\u0022\u003e The Tech We Won’t Build\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\r\n\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"Could you tell us about your work?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"A lot of my work has been focused on DNA databases. The kind of databases that are used by law enforcement across the world. Particularly in China, we do see abuse of that technology, in the form of mass surveillance and facial recognition. I became interested not just in facial recognition, but \u003ci\u003eethnic\u003c/i\u003e facial recognition.\r\n\r\nOne day, I came across a Twitter storm about a research paper on facial recognition to identify Uyghurs [a persecuted ethnic group in China]. People had written to the editor of the scientific journal where it was published, but received a pretty dismissive answer that it had been peer reviewed. I'm quite familiar with the academic publishing process and the ethics requirements. 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There is tracking of individuals, and of their behavior.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"How often have you succeeded in getting papers retracted?","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"So far, there have been eight retractions (seven on DNA profiling and one on ethnic facial recognition) and I have requested ethical investigations of around 60 articles at a dozen different journals. But that’s just the tip of the iceberg.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"What should scientists consider when they review biometric research?","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"First, everybody should clearly understand that whenever you're doing any kind of biometric research – be it DNA, facial recognition, or fingerprinting – it \u003ci\u003eis\u003c/i\u003e human subject research. You need the appropriate consent and ethical reviews. There is a tendency for people to think, \u0022Well, it's just a bunch of pictures and data on the computer. I'm not doing research on human subjects.\u0022 I think computer scientists and engineers need to realize that when you do biometric research, you enable the development of extremely powerful tools that can severely impact people's lives. You need to reflect on the potential dangers of the technology you are developing.\r\n\r\nOne paper I was involved in retracting, was about predicting whether somebody is a criminal based on their face. I mean, what is it to be a criminal? It's a very complicated question. So, you take a dataset and you label people “criminal” or “not criminal” based on what? When we look at the science, it's usually quite poor. People who have a criminal record could be singled out for forever. Free inquiry is a core value of mine. But to say that scientists should be able to do whatever we want unencumbered, doesn't work. For biometric research today, the threats are so huge that we need to urgently reflect.\r\n\r\nScientists have a huge moral authority over what happens with our research, but we almost never use it. We invented it, we created it, we brought it to the world. We have a special right to talk about it.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"When did you start actively pushing back yourself?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"About a decade ago, I thought, \u0022I don’t just want to be a scientist writing technical research, I want to take up a role as an intellectual, to enter public debate.\u0022 I looked into where I could make meaningful contributions.\r\n\r\nI stumbled onto proposed legislation for a surveillance program in Kuwait that would create a national DNA database of the entire population. We were part of a successful effort to push back against that. I moved on to China to look into abuses of DNA databases there. Together with Human Rights Watch, we discovered this infrastructure being deployed in Xinjiang. Later I began looking into the issue of facial recognition and mass surveillance, which I think is the next battlefield for the shape of 21st century societies.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"What is your advice to computer scientists?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"Technology does not occur in a vacuum. It is not “morally neutral”. In physics, you had the nuclear bomb. In chemistry, you have chemical weapons. In medicine, you can do horrible things to people. All of these fields have reflected on this. In computer science, we don't have that culture of thinking about our impact on society. But tech people actually have quite an amazing superpower. They can stand up from their chair, and go to the door, and go look for another job. And when you calmly, politely explain there is a problem, it is actually quite frequent people will say, “Yeah, actually I think we do have a problem.”\r\n\r\nAs scientists closely affiliated with industry and business, there tends to be a strong focus on ‘big science’ that translates into industrial products with a large economic impact. Tech research has become amazingly productive, but in my opinion more disengaged from social issues.\r\n\r\nWhen I turned my attention to China, one of the very first things I said was, “Well, the role of US suppliers in selling these products to Chinese companies is really problematic.” And there was \u003ci\u003esome\u003c/i\u003e impact with international attention, but we haven't solved the problems.\r\n\r\nThe Dragonfly Project at Google was stopped because people were courageous. \u003ca href=\u0022https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/google-china-censorship-human-rights/\u0022\u003eWhen Jack Poulson quit\u003c/a\u003e, others followed. 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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/when-an-algorithm-is-your-boss/\u0022\u003e When an Algorithm is Your Boss\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat are some of the challenges faced by gig workers in Ecuador?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"Platforms often say they do not recognize formal working relationships with workers, because it’s flexible labor. 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So you have the platform companies taking advantage of a situation of vulnerability, to make people work in conditions they would not agree to if they had other options.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"\u003cb\u003eYou’re working with an association of workers to investigate conditions.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e Will you be building an app?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"We started the research phase one year ago. We were coming out of the pandemic, and in Ecuador we had a very strong lockdown, so these workers were really essential to a lot of people, in terms of bringing medicine, food, these kinds of things.\r\n\r\nWe’re at the point now where we feel we have enough understanding to start building a technological device to support workers. So the idea is to create an app people could download, that would be able to track the data of what is going on behind the algorithm. It's kind of a ‘reverse engineering’ process we want to do through data collection.\r\n\r\nThere's an inadequate system of resistance to the exploitation delivery workers experience. So the data we’ll collect will be things like distance traveled and how much is paid, accompanied by demands from unions about appropriate pay. I’m speculating here, but I think we could build an app that would be downloaded by both workers and app users, because it's also very interesting to make comparisons between the different information available to users and workers.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow did you become an activist yourself?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"My journey to this type of activism has been long because I come to it from a firsthand perspective of being a migrant in Europe. I went to Europe when I was 18 during a huge economic crisis in Ecuador. I lived in France for 12 years, and a big part of my political and activist journey comes from my experience of labor conditions there as a migrant. I also did activism in different regions, including in Palestine, connecting movements around the world. What led me back to Ecuador was an opportunity to work with the progressive government at the time. That's how I originally was connected from social science to digital labor topics, through the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhen is technology a force for good?\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"We’ve been fed this narrative about the neutrality of technology and of tech solutions. It's difficult for the people who are not in the industry, but also for the people who are part of it, to understand that it is \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e true. Technology can solve some problems, but it can also be part of the problem, it can amplify a lot of the social inequalities.\r\n\r\nSo the first task we have, is to make people understand that technological mediation is not neutral. There's always power over relationships, and we find all the tensions that are built in society within technology: racism, sexism, class struggle, systemic inequalities, colonialism, all of this is embedded.\r\n\r\nAnd it’s not only how we use technology, it’s the way we design it. The main question is, ‘Who is this technology going to work for?’ This is the basic question that we should always put at the center. As technologists, we design in a framework of problem-solving. But the way in which we name the problem is already political, the way in which we organize to build that solution is political, the way in which we choose  which voices are included into a process is political.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"How does it affect the power dynamics when companies are operated from abroad?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"A lot of these companies are multinational corporations that only have PR people engaged here in Ecuador. Some have lawyers here too, but they don’t have anyone really making decisions. Those people are in totally different parts of the world, so the workers aren’t able to say, ‘Hey, something is going wrong here, this is not working.’ There is no way to contest decisions. 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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from \u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/ai-from-above/\u0022 data-wpel-link=\u0022internal\u0022\u003eAI from Above\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"How did townships become the focus of your AI research?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"I grew up with six siblings in a township called Lebowakgomo in the Limpopo province, in the northern part of South Africa. The houses there were all uniformly sized regardless of the number of people living in them. Neighborhoods were quite packed. Your hospitals, your schools, and other public resources were overcrowded — which was not really the case for suburbs. So I've always wondered, \u0022Why is this?\r\n\r\nWhen I did my masters degree, I had a chance to research something I care about, and that's the first thing that came to mind.\r\n\r\nBefore apartheid, townships were just working class neighborhoods. However, during apartheid they forced people to regroup, and only specific racial groups would live in certain townships. They were occupied by non-Europeans: Indians, black people, colored people. When apartheid ended, anyone could live where they wanted, but systemically it was still hard for you to move. During apartheid, townships were underfunded compared to suburbs. But even after apartheid ended, it looks like resources are still in the same pattern. Or this is what we wanted to investigate: Is this really happening? But then when we tried to research this, we couldn’t find datasets that demarcate townships over time. Townships and suburbs have been merged together in one class.\r\n\r\nThis is where our work stems from, because townships don't seem to exist in official datasets anymore.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"So how do you create these datasets?","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"Thinking about the size of South Africa, it's quite huge. We pulled together different existing datasets. Datasets from the government define neighborhoods in a certain way according to 'designated land use'. It doesn't necessarily say that there are people, or whether there is development in that space. So we used satellite images and we also used a buildings dataset that shows buildings in the whole country.\r\n\r\nPutting together datasets like that helped us begin to explore neighborhoods. To train machine learning models, we added in characteristics. Given a satellite image section that looks like this, the label is this. For another, the label is that. It looks at hundreds of thousands of these images. In the end, when given an image it hasn't seen, it can predict what neighborhood type it most likely is.\r\n\r\nNow imagine, as neighborhoods grow, they change. Actually, in South Africa this is quite common. Sometimes you would see open space in a satellite image one year, and then if you look in another year, you'll see an informal settlement there. Then over time, the informal settlement evolves into some other neighborhood type. So you need to have some knowledge of what these neighborhoods are and how they evolve.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"Could you do this without AI?","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"Without AI, you would have to coordinate a large group of surveyors to go into the field. You would have to coordinate people to go throughout the entire country, and record this information. As the country evolves, or as the number of buildings change, you would look at a previous dataset, and see how changes can be added into an updated version. This is a huge coordinated task, and that's usually how the government do it for the census. It's expensive. It's labor intensive.\r\n\r\nWith AI, the potential is that we could have models that do the same task. Then we could be paying attention to evaluating the models instead. Where are they getting it wrong? How can you correct them? You could put humans in the loop, and still reduce the amount of work. But it’s not simple, given that changes are happening all the time. We would have to build models that take all this — and more — into consideration.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"What outcomes do you hope would result from your work?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"Well, the first policy change I would hope to see is for the government to stop labeling townships together with suburbs. Because as South Africa, we have a certain past. 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When you hear how people are living in other neighborhoods types, it's just a different reality altogether. You always wonder, \u0022Is it really necessary? We are all from the same country.”","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"You limit access to your datasets. Why is this?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"Imagine if datasets like these were in the hands of insurance companies or banks. They could check in which neighborhood you are living in currently, and then determine the interest rates or premiums accordingly. So now we’re saying townships are here. We’re identifying them, and then automatically they could put a risky score to a person and marginalize them further.\r\n\r\nThat's why we try to be gate keepers. I mean, people have a right to privacy. 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    string(10185) "<!-- wp:acf/ihr-story-introblock {"id":"block_621cfa87b2eab","name":"acf/ihr-story-introblock","data":{"text":"Michael Running Wolf is the founder of \u003ca href=\u0022https://indigenousinai.org/\u0022\u003eIndigenous in AI\u003c/a\u003e and has worked on language revitalization through \u003ca href=\u0022https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/2020-indigenous-communities-fellowship/solutions/33358\u0022\u003espeech recognition,\u003c/a\u003e as well as on augmented and virtual reality for the protection of Indigenous land and culture. As a software engineer, Michael has worked with Amazon and is now a clinical instructor at Northeastern University in Canada.","_text":"field_621cfe1f2ceab","font_color":"black","_font_color":"field_62044418c7d75","background_color":"grey","_background_color":"field_620441bac7d74","dropshadow":"none","_dropshadow":"field_6267f7f921c52","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->

<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from \u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/ai-from-above/\u0022\u003eAI from Above\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"What inspired you to get involved with AI research?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"I was still living in Bozeman, Montana, where I met my wife Caroline. We found commonality in our love of our tribal heritage. She’s Apsáalooke, Crow, and I'm Northern Cheyenne, Blackfeet and Lakota. We got involved with a nonprofit called \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.facebook.com/FriendsOfTheMadisonBuffaloJump\u0022\u003eFriends of the Madison Buffalo Jump\u003c/a\u003e who are protecting an important archeological site from private development. It's a sacred site for at least 90 tribes and it's critical to our shared intertribal history. There is ancient evidence of teepees being set up there. But what people see now, is just a circle of rocks that often get dismantled by tourists. We thought, ‘Okay, what if we use augmented reality to place a teepee in the middle that people can see on their phones?’ We wanted to make sure they are sustained, so \u003ca href=\u0022https://medium.com/running-wolf/madison-buffalo-jump-virtual-reality-project-gathering-data-58886b62d32a\u0022\u003ewe went out and collected data\u003c/a\u003e\r\n\r\nWe wanted to show Montana’s government that this could be a way to enhance their park systems with technology, but our ultimate goal was to show the connection between the language, land, and culture. Part of the idea was to have voice interaction. As a user, you'd walk around and be able to hear the local Indigenous names of sites, and you would be able to practice speaking the languages too. But at the time, the technology to do this didn’t really exist. So, I said, “Okay, I want to be an AI researcher, because who else is going to do this?”","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"How did your experience as a software engineer for Amazon inform your views?","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"I loved my experience at Amazon, and I loved the teams I worked with. I worked on the privacy organization within Alexa, and it gave me this perspective on how to protect customer data at scale, while also making sure they have access to it. How do we do that for Indigenous people? Is there a middle ground where communities can build datasets and systems that protect their knowledge, without being exploited? I've become a big advocate of \u003ca href=\u0022https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/data-futures-lab/data-for-empowerment/shifting-power-through-data-governance/#what-is-indigenous-data-sovereignty\u0022\u003eIndigenous data sovereignty\u003c/a\u003e, where we fundamentally reconsider how AI research and data governance is conducted. Say a community has a dataset of sacred plants and they want to collaborate with researchers, but only with \u003cem\u003especific\u003c/em\u003e researchers. How do we organize the legal and technical infrastructure for that?","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"What are your thoughts on access to geospatial data?","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"One way to protect the integrity of important archeological sites across North America is to keep them ‘off the radar’. It’s sort of in conflict with this new movement of open data where people want to assemble large datasets. Indigenous communities have resisted publicizing these important archaeological sites, because once they become known it's really hard to protect them. And this affects everything: economy, ecology, people's relationship to their religion, their spirituality and of course their language, and heritage. For instance, there are a few important medicinal plants, and some of them are increasingly rare due to climate change. In the 70s and 80s pharmaceutical companies would just go into Indigenous lands and take these plants to research using Indigenous knowledge. And that was very harmful. There's this one plant we call Big Medicine that only grows in very specific biomes. It is so rare and difficult to obtain, that my dad would say, “Leave your cell phones in the car. We're not even going to risk it being geotagged.”\r\n\r\nBut there need to be different tiers of relationship with technology, because there are other resources that are important to digitize and track, like climate change or pollution levels. More of us are joining technical fields. I myself am a computer scientist, and I'm happy to know that there are others out there starting to build land resource tooling. One of my friends worked for the tribe to build a digitized map of important resources on our land, for tracking and maintenance. It just wouldn't exist without us Indigenous engineers, simply because no one else is interested in doing this tooling.\r\n\r\nIndigenous peoples have always been on the frontlines of protecting the ecology of sacred sites from the conflicting interests of governments and corporate groups. That's also why I joined \u003ca href=\u0022https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests\u0022\u003ethe pipeline protests in North Dakota\u003c/a\u003e in 2016 because \u003ca href=\u0022https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline\u0022\u003ethe Dakota Access Pipeline pipeline\u003c/a\u003e would destroy sacred sites. And it did, when it was constructed. My collaborators and I went with press credentials and \u003ca href=\u0022https://medium.com/running-wolf/the-indigenous-humanity-of-vr-9dbe259695e6\u0022\u003ea VR camera\u003c/a\u003e that we secured from Google, and a grant from Facebook.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"How do you feel about collaborations with big tech companies?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"It’s hard to build partnerships with large corporations, but some do show interest. For example, Google did a VR experiment on my wife's reservation. School kids in Kentucky could put on a headset and experience my wife's tribe. So there is value in how corporations can create understanding between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities.\r\n\r\nBut there's also a tendency for companies to see data as a resource. People say, \u0022Data is the new oil\u0022 and I think that's apt. Like oil, the extraction of data can be harmful to the local environment and the world. Companies take data into their databases and it becomes proprietary information, and then communities lose access to it. They lose the relationship to their own information—be it geographic or voice data. We need to change the paradigm to say that data is \u003cem\u003ehuman\u003c/em\u003e.\r\n\r\nIf you go into a community with a mindset that data is just a resource or a monetary valuable thing, you're fundamentally harming the community, and you're also diminishing the value of this data. I would argue that it's not just Indigenous communities facing these risks, it's everyone, wherever our data is being exploited.\r\n\r\n\u003cb\u003ePortrait photo of Michael Running Wolf is by\u003c/b\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022http://hannahyoon.com\u0022\u003e \u003cb\u003eHannah Yoon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e (CC-BY) 2022\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ci\u003eMozilla has taken reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the statements made during the interview, but the words and opinions presented here are ascribed entirely to the interviewee.\u003c/i\u003e","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks":["paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph"],"_textblocks":"field_62197599f3f4a","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->"
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    string(11104) "<!-- wp:acf/ihr-story-introblock {"id":"block_621cfa87b2eab","name":"acf/ihr-story-introblock","data":{"text":"Aída Ponce Del Castillo is a senior researcher with the \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.etui.org/about-etui/staff/aida-ponce-del-castillo\u0022\u003eEuropean Trade Union Institute\u003c/a\u003e. Her research centers on ethical and social issues arising from emerging technologies, including AI and nanotechnology. She works on EU policies for the health and safety of workers, with a focus on data-driven technologies.","_text":"field_621cfe1f2ceab","font_color":"black","_font_color":"field_62044418c7d75","background_color":"grey","_background_color":"field_620441bac7d74","dropshadow":"none","_dropshadow":"field_6267f7f921c52","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->

<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from \u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/when-an-algorithm-is-your-boss/\u0022\u003eWhen an Algorithm is Your Boss\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhere does your interest in regulating technology stem from?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"I found myself looking at the regulatory and policy implications of emerging technology early on, after having worked as a corporate lawyer. In the '90s, there were new experiments in genetic engineering and the discovery of the whole DNA that allowed scientists to explore what makes us human from a genetic perspective. There were lots of questions about how law needs to respond. For family law, criminal law, and about the boundaries for manipulating the human being at its core. So that hooked me into the regulatory issues of emerging technology and human beings.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow did AI emerge as a focus area for you?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"My journey has been with different emerging technologies that have the characteristic of being small and invisible or that deal with intrinsic characteristics of the human being, such as stem cell research or human cloning. That has similarities to, for example, \u003ca href=\u0022https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology\u0022\u003enanotechnology\u003c/a\u003e, which are very tiny materials with incredible properties that can be manufactured at the atomic level. And again, it creates new scientific and regulatory paradigms and questions, because we don't yet know the risks. The same applies for data-driven technologies and artificial intelligence, because they have a characteristic of invisibility and immateriality. And again the question arises, what are the impacts and the risks? What do we need to regulate? Do we need new rights? Where do we put the limits of the deployment or design of artificial intelligence? Should robots vote? Questions like that are super interesting.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat are the risks of AI and machine learning when it comes to worker rights?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"We have treated workers as slaves, as robots in a way, since the history of human labor. Digital labor is not new in that way, it's just another face of exploitation. The problem is that it's now much faster, and it's pervasive all across the world. This new revolution, so to speak, is also different in that it has this characteristic of invisibility and immateriality. With the industrial revolution, we could see a train, we could see a factory, we could see a machine. We could see an accident with blood and injuries. Today, we don't have that.\r\n\r\nWe don't have that visibility of the risks and injuries, and of the potential harms. We don't know what we are dealing with, because we cannot see it, we cannot deconstruct it, scrutinize it, analyze it. If you have a cigarette for example, and you want to understand its risks, you can take the tobacco and analyze it, and you have a specific report. When you would like to analyze an algorithm, first you need to know whether there is an algorithm or not. Second, good luck in trying to get it from its owner, developer or deployer, because we don't know whether that would be possible.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"\u003cb\u003eYou have been \u003c/b\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/eu-artificial-intelligence-regulation-must-protect-worker-rights-by-aida-ponce-del-castillo-2021-08\u0022\u003e\u003cb\u003ecritical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e of the AI regulation proposed by the European Commission. Why?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"We were excited [about the AI Act] because we thought it would put forward provisions about new digital rights, but this was not the case. The scope of the AI Act is to make sure that products are being safely put to market. That's the whole story. It is not made for giving more rights to people. So, digital activists and institutes like mine, are negotiating with EU players on other issues that deserve to be included in the conversation of how to govern artificial intelligence.\r\n\r\nWhat I think is needed is a different piece of legislation that could take the form of an EU directive that addresses the specificities of the employment context, for instance when algorithms are profiling workers in some way. We know that profiling has caused negative or harmful effects on individual workers and categories of workers, including with emotion recognition or language recognition technologies. For instance, in the banking sector, workers have been advised to change their tone of voice to sound more empathetic to clients. Some aspects of algorithmic management are already part of \u003ca href=\u0022https://ec.europa.eu/eures/public/eu-proposes-directive-protect-rights-platform-workers-2022-03-17_en\u0022\u003ea proposed directive on improving working conditions in platform work,\u003c/a\u003e but it only applies to platform work and not to other sectors that are equally engaged with AI systems. So you see, there is a gap.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow would this directive affect the lives of digital platform workers?\r\n\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"The first advantage is that you would be recognized as an employee of the digital labor platform. And that will change your life, because it gives you access to social security and to many other important rights. Today, that’s not the case. There’s no social contribution to pension funds, there’s no mechanism that will respond if you have an accident, if your bike gets lost, or if you have a physical or psychological injury. So that’s a game changer. Another way this directive could change your life, is that you’ll be able to challenge the algorithm. The platform is obligated to provide you with a meaningful and understandable explanation, in a way that is exercisable in an occupational setting. And if you’re not satisfied with this explanation, you can contest it.","_textblocks_10_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_10_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_10_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_11_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhen you think about regulating gig work platforms is it mostly about making them more transparent?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_11_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_11_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_11_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_12_text":"That's a tricky question. In principle, the narrative the European Commission disseminates in regulating digital platforms or AI systems, is to have trustworthy AI. And I do not agree with the term trustworthy AI. As a human being, you trust in the people who deploy AI, you cannot just trust a device. But how they would operationalize this trustworthiness is through making AI systems and digital labor platforms more accountable through more transparency.\r\n\r\nThere is a lot of focus on this transparency obligation, but less focus on how to make accountability enforceable. Say, through sanctions like fines, or by giving people more true access to information, or the ability to meaningfully contest decisions. We are still asking, how do I access information; from which authority; and what happens if I don’t get a proper explanation of how an algorithm treats me? So I think the narrative of creating transparency is okay, but it could be improved by giving people more ability to exercise fundamental human rights in the digital world, and this has yet to be discussed.\r\n\r\n\u003cb\u003ePortrait photo of Aída Ponce Del Castillo is by\u003c/b\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022http://hannahyoon.com\u0022\u003e \u003cb\u003eHannah Yoon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e (CC-BY) 2022\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ci\u003eMozilla has taken reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the statements made during the interview, but the words and opinions presented here are ascribed entirely to the interviewee.\u003c/i\u003e","_textblocks_12_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_12_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_12_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks":["paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph"],"_textblocks":"field_62197599f3f4a","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->"
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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/the-tech-we-wont-build/\u0022\u003e The Tech We Won’t Build\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"1","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"How did you first become aware of Project Maven?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"I was a software engineer at Google. It was late-2017 and I was a tech lead for my team, which was responsible for part of Google’s cloud infrastructure. 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It has to be said that executives are not neutral in this, they are well compensated in stock and probably make the vast majority of their money that way.\r\n\r\nIt wasn’t only Maven, which was a \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2018/06/google-plans-not-to-renew-its-contract-for-project-maven-a-controversial-pentagon-drone-ai-imaging-program/\u0022\u003erelatively small contract, at the time\u003c/a\u003e. Google was also bidding on this absolutely enormous contract called JEDI, the Joint Enterprise Defense Initiative, which I believe was \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.wired.com/story/3-years-maven-uproar-google-warms-pentagon/\u0022\u003ea $10 billion contract\u003c/a\u003e. I think that was really the prize that the executives were looking at.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"1","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"What kind of surveillance are we talking about?","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"Google was helping the US Department of Defense to automate widespread and pervasive surveillance. So we’re talking about every individual in a particular geographical area being tracked in close to real time with this system. It knows which buildings you go to, it knows who comes to your house, it knows who you’re connected to. They were talking about building a user interface where you’d be able to click on a house and it would show you a timeline of all the interactions that the inhabitants are having. That’s hugely intrusive, especially when we’re talking about areas where there is not an active war.\r\n\r\nThere’s a great report from 2012 [\u003ca href=\u0022https://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Living-Under-Drones.pdf\u0022\u003eLiving Under Drones\u003c/a\u003e] on a surveilled area in Pakistan where people were afraid to send their children to school. When the drones were out, people were afraid to go to funerals or other community gatherings. 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The fact that they included such a broad range of surveillance projects underlined that Google was very much willing to do this sort of work, and I thought that I could probably speak about it more freely if I was outside of Google.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"1","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"After leaving Google, you joined the \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/\u0022\u003eStop Killer Robots\u003c/a\u003e coalition. What is that?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"After I spoke to The New York Times for \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/07/technology/tech-workers-ask-censorship-surveillance.html\u0022\u003ea feature about Project Maven\u003c/a\u003e, the campaign Stop Killer Robots contacted me. And, when somebody says, “Do you want to come to the United Nations and talk about why AI weapons are bad?” you say, “Yes.”\r\n\r\nStop Killer Robots advocates for international legal instruments or regulation about so-called killer robots — weapons that are able to select targets and to use force without a specific human command. For instance, Turkey has a small drone that has facial recognition built in and is \u003ca href=\u0022https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/05/killer-flying-robots-drones-autonomous-ai-artificial-intelligence-facial-recognition-targets-turkey-libya/\u0022\u003ereputed to have autonomous features\u003c/a\u003e. So it’s entirely technically possible now to build hunter killer drones that can track people down based on facial recognition, which is really not accurate enough for that sort of thing.\r\n\r\nVia \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/\u0022\u003eThe UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons\u003c/a\u003e (CCW), the campaign advocates for a preemptive ban on autonomous weapons, and for regulation to make sure that other weapons that have some form of autonomy are built and operated safely. People think that when you have one of these treaties, you have this static law and everyone obeys the rule. But international arms control and disarmament treaties are more complicated than that.\r\n\r\nI think it’s important to think about moral norms. Not everything has to be written in stone to be effective. Look at nuclear weapons: there is a very strong moral norm against their use even though a number of nation states have them. 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To me, autonomous weapons are a very important ethical problem in their own right \u003ci\u003eand\u003c/i\u003e the canary in the coal mine for all these other things.","_textblocks_10_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_10_bottom_space":"1","_textblocks_10_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_11_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat advice do you have for developers and regulators based on your experience?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_11_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_11_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_11_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_12_text":"As a developer, it’s entirely possible to work on systems without having a great idea of the big picture; you’re working on your own part of the puzzle and don’t necessarily know how it’s put together. This is why I advocate for more alarms, explicit rules, and laws. We need to start regulating autonomous weapons, surveillance, and privacy.\r\n\r\nThese ethical conversations are not well advanced. 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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/ai-from-above/\u0022\u003e AI from Above\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"What does the Aapti Institute do?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"We are a public research firm based in Bangalore who look at the intersection of tech and society. We examine how people are negotiating and accessing technology, both online and offline. 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If you think of optical imagery of some cities, or where water bodies are, those are questions that impact communities. Therefore communities should also have a greater say in how that data is being collected, used, and managed, because there may also be harms. For instance, if there’s a dense part of the city versus a more open one, you could have different sets of rents or access to schools. Construction companies could use it to choose where to invest.\r\n\r\nWhat we know about data, is that it's not equal for everybody. Every set of data opens up an opportunity, and someone could exploit that opportunity.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"What are the risks of not having spatial data?","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"People who use smartphones generate a lot of data, whereas communities that are not on smartphones may not. These communities may not be mapped, in a certain sense, and may not be able to get the same information or services. On the other end, you may have communities, like religious minorities or others who the state or other service providers want to discriminate against. The objective could be to collect a ton of data about them, to target them. We have so many examples of this happening. We've learned that data is political, and should be considered as such.\r\n\r\nIt's a complex thing. There are, for instance, communities in Bangalore where I live, that are not reflected in Google Maps. So these communities do not experience the benefits of maps, and we know that maps offer huge community value — whether for navigation or to reveal small businesses. And that is a burden certain parts of the city have to carry, because, to other people, they're undiscoverable. The map is dark there.\r\n\r\nThis should be corrected. In some communities, people have gone and photographed and created geospatial data about their own scenarios, where others were unable to. If you, as a community, are not visible to either the government, private sector, or community providers, you may not have lamp posts or sidewalks, or the conditions of your roads may be terrible. So members of a community may be able to collect data digitally or through surveys, but it requires significant mobilization. You need institutional mechanisms, potentially nonprofits, who can mobilize people to volunteer to start collecting data. There are apps and software that allow communities to do this, which you can then plug into existing datasets.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"How would you protect community data?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"In India, we are contemplating data protection regulation that looks at protecting individual rights. What’s interesting is that geospatial data is not personal data, right? It doesn't identify individuals or individually identifiable data. So I think it's still a gray area for regulation in India. 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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"\u003ci\u003eThis is an extended cut of the interview from \u003c/i\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/the-truth-is-out-there/\u0022\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Truth is Out There\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ci\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.\u003c/i\u003e","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"What is the link between hate speech and disinformation, especially around elections?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"There is an overlap. You can have hateful content in misinformation. And a lot of hate speech can also be seen as misinformation. So these two phenomena are very closely related. We have this analogy where we say, “Hate speech loads the gun, but misinformation pulls the trigger.” And what we mean by that, is that when you have a rumor that aligns with a pre-existing hostility, this makes violence more likely.\r\n\r\nAt the Sentinel Project, we’re particularly interested in understanding how online hate speech can lead to offline violence. We’re also interested in how offline atrocities can affect situations online. So we examine hate speech from a very contextual perspective. Hate speech in itself might not contribute to offline violence, but it sets a tone of background hostility towards a particular community. And then rumors in the form of malignant and harmful information circulate and can lead to election violence.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat is Hatebase?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"\u003ca href=\u0022http://hatebase.org/\u0022\u003eHatebase\u003c/a\u003e is a monitoring tool that can be used to analyze hate speech terms across the world. It’s a repository of hate speech in 95+ languages in 175 countries. We analyze publicly available conversations, a lot of which are on social media platforms. It was built to be collaborative, so that companies, government agencies, NGOs, communities and research organizations can use it to help moderate online conversations and potentially gain insights to predict regional or localized violence.\r\n\r\nGetting more regional and linguistic inputs is a huge challenge as we're a very small team. The environments we work in are usually high friction, with civil wars or conflicts. Our data supports \u003ca href=\u0022https://hatebase.org/citations\u0022\u003ea lot of research\u003c/a\u003e, and we have relationships with around 350 universities around the world. We have done misinformation management work to mitigate offline violence in Kenya, South Sudan, and Congo, and we’ve also done work in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow do you get input in so many languages? \u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"We have something called the \u003ca href=\u0022https://hatebase.org/citizen_linguist\u0022\u003eCitizen Linguist Lab\u003c/a\u003e which is a form of crowdsourcing for anyone that wants to amplify and augment our database. You don't have to be an expert to contribute. You can input terms with their contexts, categorizing them based on gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and class. You can also provide a citation or more information about the term's origin. Contributors can also offer an assessment of the ‘offensiveness’ of a particular term. This lets us crowdsource sentiment analysis.\r\n\r\nTerms change over time, or may only be offensive to a particular community or in one part of the world. The offensiveness rating helps us to understand. Communities are an integral part of any project to learn who is impacted by hate speech and misinformation. They're also essential to help us direct research towards facets that matter the most by assisting with data collection, providing linguistic nuances, and highlighting different social and cultural considerations.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"What are your thoughts on content moderation?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"Big tech puts emphasis on stamping out content that violates their rules, but we’ve found this is mostly a losing proposition. Rather than doing reactive work, we believe there should be more effort placed on educating users on how to detect misinformation and providing impartial guidance on how to verify information. There are things that fall within a gray area that aren’t necessarily hate speech, or get lost in translation.\r\n\r\nSocial media companies use automation for moderation at a base level, but when it gets escalated to a secondary level, they might not have the local expertise necessary. One fix is to hire content moderators that understand local contexts. I think educating users on how to detect misinformation is better. Companies can delete content, but censorship seems to have a way of reinforcing the beliefs of people involved in spreading propaganda. You’re essentially removing the hateful term, but not the intent. We also see speech labeled as hate speech, when it’s just disliked by a particular group. So these systems can also be used to silence people.\r\n\r\nWe don't believe in policing speech. With Hatebase, we monitor speech to understand it for research purposes. Data alone cannot reveal the full picture. We need local guidance. It's a fruitful path that more technology companies and platforms should pursue. AI is not a magic wand that will automatically wash away hate speech.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"What role is there for automation in Hatebase?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"Working on this topic day in and day out, we understand the limitations of AI to identify hate speech, and we are pragmatic about it. One thing we do is collect the metadata of Hatebase terms we detect in public conversations. We call these \u003ca href=\u0022https://hatebase.org/recent_sightings/\u0022\u003e“sightings”\u003c/a\u003e and there have been around a million so far. 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    string(12567) "<!-- wp:acf/ihr-story-introblock {"id":"block_621cfa87b2eab","name":"acf/ihr-story-introblock","data":{"text":"\u003ca href=\u0022https://www.media.mit.edu/people/dcalacci/overview/\u0022\u003eDan Calacci\u003c/a\u003e is a PhD student with the \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/human-dynamics/\u0022\u003eHuman Dynamics Group\u003c/a\u003e at MIT Media Lab researching how data, its stewardship, and analysis can impact community governance. They're currently working on building frameworks and tools that allow informal collectives of workers and others to pool information in order to make better decisions and build power.","_text":"field_621cfe1f2ceab","font_color":"black","_font_color":"field_62044418c7d75","background_color":"grey","_background_color":"field_620441bac7d74","dropshadow":"none","_dropshadow":"field_6267f7f921c52","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->

<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/when-an-algorithm-is-your-boss/\u0022\u003e When an Algorithm is Your Boss\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"\u003cb\u003eYou’ve helped create an app called WeClock that helps workers collect their own data. How would you describe it?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"\u003ca href=\u0022https://weclock.it/\u0022\u003eWeClock\u003c/a\u003e allows workers to collect information about their daily life and use it to measure their working conditions. It takes the sensors that are sitting on your smartphone, the apps you use, your location, how your battery is being used, and gives you the opportunity to collect and share that with other workers and organizers. You can also see things like your daily movements and step count, which are collected through basic mobile APIs but are usually sent to some server and used for apps that you have no real control over.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow does it work, technically?\r\n\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"It's an open source project built mainly in collaboration with the \u003ca href=\u0022https://guardianproject.info/\u0022\u003eGuardian Project\u003c/a\u003e, a nonprofit group that develops a lot of privacy tech. We think of WeClock as a technology of resistance. The technical aspect is not so complicated, because it gives people ownership of data that's already being collected by other apps. We use the core APIs available through Android and iOS. We also have simple custom surveys and worklogs. We just added a really simple tracker to the Android version, where you can mark when you've started and ended a work shift. Then, when we analyze the data, we can look back and compare it with things like the amount of time you spent standing or your pay. We also have an Apple Watch app for folks who can't bring a phone into the workplace. Like, if their workplace is surveilled or if they're a warehouse worker, for example.","_textblocks_4_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_4_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_4_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_5_text":"\u003cb\u003eHow is this data collection empowering?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_5_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_5_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_5_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_6_text":"WeClock is an open-ended tool for use in specific worker-led campaigns. We've done a few pilots with labor unions across the US, and we’re doing a workshop right now with union leaders in the Global South, where they're collecting information from workers about their locations and hours. We'll use that to help them analyze data to gather evidence of wage theft. So it is much broader use case than just for gig workers. In fact, WeClock is more oriented towards traditional working contexts. This is a secure way of collecting information automatically and sharing that with organizers.\r\n\r\nIt's one of an array of tools I've been working on for the past couple of years, like the Shipt Calculator or Gig Box.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"\u003cb\u003eCould you tell us about these too?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"\u003ca href=\u0022https://gigbox.media.mit.edu/\u0022\u003eGig Box\u003c/a\u003e is aimed at delivery drivers, especially drivers who work with multiple apps. It allows you to track shifts and collect location data during work. It'll show you things like average pay per mile or pay after expenses. The goal is to build a work tracker and a pay tracker for delivery workers that is open source, independent, and that allows delivery workers to share their work experience data with organizers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe \u003ca href=\u0022https://gigbox.media.mit.edu/posts/posts/tool-the-shipt-calculator/\u0022\u003eShipt Calculator\u003c/a\u003e was a texting bot that helped organizers and researchers audit an algorithmic change in the shopping delivery app, Shipt, in the summer of 2020. It allowed workers to text screenshots of their pay to a number, and it would automatically infer if workers were being paid by an old algorithm which was transparent, or a new algorithm which was not. We aggregated pay information from hundreds of workers to show that the new algorithm resulted in a \u003ca href=\u0022https://gizmodo.com/shipts-effort-based-model-is-cutting-pay-for-40-of-wor-1845374119\u0022\u003esignificant pay cut for 41% of workers\u003c/a\u003e in our study.","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat happens after people get control of their data?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"Yeah, that's a great question. What do people actually do with their data once they're able to grab hold of it. This is both a really simple and complicated question, because analyzing data as a worker or even as an organizer is really hard. It takes a specialized set of skills. Like how to do data analysis or data visualization and come out of that process with meaningful information. My goal is to build tools that empower workers to tell stories, backed by evidence, to provide more ammunition to worker campaigns. It could be auditing an algorithmic change, or showing that warehouse workers are standing up for too long. This just augments the broader work of organizing.\r\n\r\nWorker data is really only valuable for building power in the aggregate. In order to make meaning from this aggregated data, you need to do analyses guided by questions that workers themselves are asking. The end goal is not just to give you ownership of your data, it is to answer questions that are unanswerable now, or to provide stronger evidence of workers' experiences.","_textblocks_10_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_10_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_10_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_11_text":"\u003cb\u003eSo working closely with workers is important?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_11_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_11_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_11_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_12_text":"Absolutely. When you are building technology to facilitate resistance and to enable organizing, especially with groups that are experiencing oppressive conditions, like gig workers, it needs to be driven by the people who are living that experience. I worked as a bike delivery person for a few months, so I have a window on what it’s like. But that's not enough. You don't get to a point where your design paradigm is really shifted by just trying something once, or even by doing a “user inquiry\u0022 where you talk to a lot of workers.\r\n\r\nSomething WeClock is trying to do, is serve as a blank canvas that can be used by folks who are organizing themselves, so it's actually co-created with the folks it's aiming to serve.","_textblocks_12_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_12_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_12_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_13_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat advice would you offer to others builders?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_13_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_13_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_13_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_14_text":"The most important thing is data access, making sure you provide people with a way to delete their data, or to share it with other organizers and to use it in these different, modular ways.\r\n\r\nAnother thing is usability. One of the things I found really frustrating in building tools for platform workers is that folks are used to using apps that are built by billion-dollar companies with enormous engineering and design teams. It's so hard to compete with that as an independent developer trying to build something scrappy.\r\n\r\nPutting aside the technology, organizing is hard. It's about maintaining interpersonal relationships over time, building a network.","_textblocks_14_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_14_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_14_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_15_text":"\u003cb\u003eWhat else do we need to balance power?\u003c/b\u003e","_textblocks_15_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_15_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_15_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_16_text":"I think the world needs two things desperately when it comes to algorithmic management. The first, is more tools to audit existing algorithms, and the second is participatory algorithm design.\r\n\r\nAlgorithmic management is spreading rapidly to every industry. And as it spreads, we're going to need more tools of resistance. Right now, the most popular way to design algorithms is top-down, using feature engineering developed by data scientists, training an algorithm on a prior data set. We need other ways of making these algorithms that incorporate people's values, their constraints and their goals.\r\n\r\nThere's a small and growing body of work that questions how to make algorithms that are democratically derived. Are the interests of managers and workers so misaligned that there's no way of coming to a solution? How do you ensure that people's voices are part of systems that govern them, including at work? We need way more research on that.\r\n\r\n\u003cb\u003ePortrait photo of Dan Calacci is by\u003c/b\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022http://hannahyoon.com\u0022\u003e \u003cb\u003eHannah Yoon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e (CC-BY) 2022\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ci\u003eMozilla has taken reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the statements made during the interview, but the words and opinions presented here are ascribed entirely to the interviewee.\u003c/i\u003e","_textblocks_16_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_16_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_16_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks":["paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph"],"_textblocks":"field_62197599f3f4a","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->"
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<!-- wp:acf/ihr-textblocks {"id":"block_62197bcf08855","name":"acf/ihr-textblocks","data":{"hide_page_title":"0","_hide_page_title":"field_62d294c9f62e2","textblocks_0_text":"This is an extended cut of the interview from\u003ca href=\u0022https://2022.internethealthreport.org/episodes/ai-from-above/\u0022\u003e AI from Above\u003c/a\u003e that has been edited for ease of reading.","_textblocks_0_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_0_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_0_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_1_text":"Why is it important to apply an ethical lens to location and map data?","_textblocks_1_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_1_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_1_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_2_text":"Maps are how we make sense of the world, they are an incredible tool in understanding why we as humans do what we do. Increasingly, we've got amazing algorithms that scan over satellite imagery and aerial photography and pick out features. If you haven't trained them properly, you may pick out some features but miss others. A good example of this is the automated creation of a data type called \u0022land cover\u0022. I was just talking to someone in South Africa about this the other day. We know there are people living in an area of grassland but that doesn’t appear in the land cover layer. The danger is that those humans ‘don’t exist’ when someone looks at the data to make a decision. So there’s a real danger in mapping, and when you create derived products. If you haven’t trained  your machine learning well enough, you’re basically going to rub humans out of existence, or rub types of trees out of existence, or take animals out of existence, because you haven’t detected it with your artificial intelligence.","_textblocks_2_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_2_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_2_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_3_text":"What should AI researchers consider before they use location datasets?","_textblocks_3_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_3_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_3_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_4_text":"There’s this really fantastic phrase that gets used in the geospatial world. It’s whether data is “fit for purpose”. Data is hard. In this field, you almost never get the perfect dataset for exactly what you need. So we often grab data and try to mould it. You always hear people go, ‘Oh I had to clean the data, I had to re-structure it. 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In the geospatial community, \u0022collect once and reuse many times\u0022 is often how we think about data.\r\n\r\nWe know that roughly half of the globe's population doesn't have internet access, yet we collect things like mobile phone data and declare that it’s representative of a population when we know that perhaps a third of people don't carry phones. So I think when it comes to some particularly vulnerable populations that are not digitally connected, we need to find the right ways to make sure they're in the data and to ensure that we're designing data collection that is ethical, appropriate, and accessible.","_textblocks_6_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_6_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_6_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_7_text":"How does PLACE strike the right balance?","_textblocks_7_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_7_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_7_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_8_text":"What we do is collect really high-resolution, high-quality aerial imagery of urban environments that can be used by governments for decision-making. They get ownership of the data that is about their nation and their cities. Then we build a responsible data user community around that data that allows this one single dataset to be reused in multiple different ways.\r\n\r\nThe first pilot we completed is in Côte d’Ivoire. There are incredible images within the datasets that can show things like the air conditioners on top of buildings and how big they are. And if you can teach your AI to identify them, you can actually calculate for a particular area of the city, the energy draw, size, and capacity of all the air conditioning units and then calculate the energy consumption.\r\n\r\nIf you're a city or an energy provider within that space, it allows you to start predictively thinking, “Where do I actually need to improve infrastructure?”","_textblocks_8_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_8_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_8_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_9_text":"How do you build trust with communities at PLACE?","_textblocks_9_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_9_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_9_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_10_text":"With trust, it's very much about transparency and the communication that you give. The PLACE model isn't so much co-owning with communities as much as it's trying to put agency and sovereignty of data into the space of the government — of trying to put data back into a nation's set of assets to enhance their ability to make the right decisions. We will build a relationship with a national mapping agency within a country and get recommendations for at least two local organizations that can actually do the flying with drones or planes.\r\n\r\nOne of the questions I get is, “But you’re not open data, you know, you’re not open by default?” in this almost pious way. And I challenge that to say, actually we are open. We’re as open as we can be, and as closed as we need to be. The type of data that we’re collecting is incredibly detailed, even if it’s not personally identifiable. It’s looking at homes, at schools, at shopping centers, at roads where people go. If you were to just make that freely available to anybody, then it’s just as open to people who might do bad with it. When we give the data to the government, it is anonymized. They then “gift” us with a license and a copy of the data that we put in a legal trust, which PLACE Community members pay for access to. And that’s how we create a sustainable funding model, so we can continue to fly new imagery again the following year and start the process all over. We create a sustainable cycle of supply and demand this way.\r\n\r\nIn the PLACE Community we expect members to adhere to a code of conduct. We look to organizations we can trust that actually have the best interests of vulnerable populations at heart. This is incredibly detailed, powerful information that the world needs — that governments need — to understand their populations. But equally a terrorist could be looking for the same type of data to work out where to locate a bomb. So we want to know the people who use our data, because we want to understand that they’re using it for the right reasons. That’s stewardship, for us. We take it quite seriously and we foster a community approach around the data.","_textblocks_10_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_10_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_10_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks_11_text":"You helped write the \u003ca href=\u0022https://ethicalgeo.org/locus-charter/\u0022\u003eLocus Charter\u003c/a\u003e, a document that calls for ethical practices for location data use. Who is it for?","_textblocks_11_text":"field_621e38d641532","textblocks_11_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_11_bottom_space":"field_62d29698c68a1","textblocks_12_text":"I would say it's for a lot of different location data practitioners to look at their practices and say, ‘How do we measure up against these principles? Can we do better at how we build trust with the public and with other organizations through what we do?’ The \u003ca href=\u0022https://ethicalgeo.org/locus-charter/\u0022\u003eLocus Charter\u003c/a\u003e came out of two pieces of work. The \u003ca href=\u0022https://ethicalgeo.org/\u0022\u003eEthicalGEO\u003c/a\u003e program, working with the American Geographical Society in the United States and the \u003ca href=\u0022https://benchmarkinitiative.com/\u0022\u003eBenchmark Initiative\u003c/a\u003e with \u003ca href=\u0022https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/\u0022\u003eOrdnance Survey\u003c/a\u003e in the United Kingdom.\r\n\r\nDuring the pandemic, we saw location data challenges in how global dashboards were showing the spread of the virus across the world. There were questions about the quality of data, where data was coming from, and whether it was equitable data. We talked to a huge variety of technical professionals, and found that they wanted to be doing the right thing, but didn’t really have a yardstick to measure against. So we said, ‘Well, why don't we have a go at writing those principles?’\r\n\r\n\u003cb\u003ePortrait photo of Denise McKenzie is by\u003c/b\u003e\u003ca href=\u0022http://hannahyoon.com\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 rel=\u0022external noopener noreferrer\u0022 data-wpel-link=\u0022external\u0022\u003e \u003cb\u003eHannah Yoon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e (CC-BY) 2022\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ci\u003eMozilla has taken reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the statements made during the interview, but the words and opinions presented here are ascribed entirely to the interviewee.\u003c/i\u003e","_textblocks_12_text":"field_621976bef3f4d","textblocks_12_bottom_space":"0","_textblocks_12_bottom_space":"field_621977a9f3f4f","textblocks":["paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph","headline","paragraph"],"_textblocks":"field_62197599f3f4a","classname":"","_classname":"field_6204244253a3f","observer_id":"","_observer_id":"field_6204245b53a40","anchor_button_text":"","_anchor_button_text":"field_62b9b0d090a10","anchor_id":"","_anchor_id":"field_6204242753a3e"},"align":"","mode":"edit"} /-->"
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